1 Dinar - Abu 'Abd Allah Muhammad V

The Hafsid sultanate of Tunis maintained surprisingly durable gold coinage through the early sixteenth century despite mounting pressure from both Ottoman expansion and Spanish Habsburg aggression in the western Mediterranean. Charles V seized Tunis in 1535, installing a puppet ruler and garrisoning La Goulette — yet Hafsid gold continued to be struck, a practical concession by the occupying power to local commercial networks that depended on recognizable currency.

Muhammad V's reign ended when the Ottomans took definitive control of Tunis in 1574, but the dinars of his era circulated well beyond that date in trans-Saharan trade routes where Hafsid gold had been trusted tender for generations.