1 Denier - Ferdinandus II

Ferdinand II's reign over Valencia coincided with the union of the Aragonese and Castilian crowns following his marriage to Isabella I, but Valencia retained its own coinage system under the Crown of Aragon's monetary framework. The Valencian denier, struck in billon at weights already declining from earlier medieval standards, circulated in a city that was simultaneously one of the most commercially active ports in the western Mediterranean — handling Genoese bankers, Flemish merchants, and North African trade in the same market squares where these coins changed hands daily.