1 Denaro - Roberto

Historical Context: The 1 Denaro of Roberto was issued during the reign of Robert of Anjou (Roberto d'Angiò), King of Naples from 1309 to 1343. Known as "Robert the Wise" (Roberto il Saggio), his rule marked a golden age for the Kingdom of Naples, establishing it as a major political and cultural hub in the Mediterranean. This billon coin, a low-denomination currency, was vital for daily commerce, underscoring the king's economic control and the practical necessities of trade within his flourishing realm.

Artistry: Specific engravers for medieval billon coinage are typically unrecorded, yet the Denaro embodies the functional, unadorned stylistic school prevalent in early Angevin Neapolitan mints. The design commonly features a prominent cross on one side, often encircled by a legend detailing the monarch's name or title. The reverse typically displays a royal monogram, such as the initial 'R' for Robert, or an Angevin heraldic device like the fleur-de-lis, prioritizing clear identification over intricate artistic detail, characteristic of its utilitarian purpose.

Technical/Grading: As a hammered billon coin, examples of this Denaro frequently exhibit technical irregularities. High-points most prone to wear include the central elements of the cross and any monarchical initials or crown details. Strikes are often uneven, off-center, or weak, particularly towards the edges of the small, thin planchet (16 mm, 0.6 gg), reflecting the manual production methods. The billon alloy is also susceptible to surface corrosion, which can significantly impact a coin's overall preservation and grade.