1 Denaro - Federico III d'Aragona

Federico III ruled Sicily in defiance of the Angevin claim and papal interdiction for decades following the War of the Sicilian Vespers, and his copper coinage was struck under a kingdom that much of Europe officially refused to recognize. The denaro circulated through a protracted, grinding conflict that only formally ended with the Treaty of Caltabellotta in 1302 — after which Federico retained Sicily as a separate kingdom under the title "King of Trinacria," a deliberate diplomatic fiction designed to placate Naples and Rome without actually removing him.

The forty-year span of the MIR reference range reflects genuine uncertainty in attributing individual pieces to specific years of his reign.