1 Crown - Philip II

Philip II inherited Flanders through the Habsburgs, but his rule there became increasingly untenable through the 1570s as the Dutch Revolt intensified. The Spanish Fury of 1576 — when unpaid Spanish troops sacked Antwerp, killing thousands — permanently shattered whatever loyalty the southern provinces still held. Coin production in this period reflects the administrative strain: Flemish mint output lurched between interruption and urgency depending on which towns remained under Crown control.

Delmonte's cataloguing of this type notes meaningful die variation across the emission period, which stretched across fifteen years of anything but stable governance.