1 Cent '1851' Pattern

In 1851, the Mint was under serious pressure to reduce the large cent, which had grown deeply unpopular — too heavy for pockets, too bulky for commerce. These pattern pieces were part of that exploration, testing smaller diameter flans in multiple metal compositions before Congress finally authorized the Flying Eagle small cent in 1857. The six-year gap between these trials and actual production reflects how long it took to resolve competing proposals about alloy, size, and the role of private contractors like Scovill Manufacturing.

Judd-127 and its variants are copper or billon strikes; Judd-131a ventures into white metal. Each composition tells a different argument being made inside the Mint that year.