1 Cash - Wang Mang Fifth reform, Without inner rim

Wang Mang's monetary policy was among the most chaotic in Chinese history. Between 7 and 23 AD he imposed at least four major currency reforms, each invalidating the last, with hoarded coins periodically criminalized and exchange rates set by imperial decree at ratios wildly disconnected from metal value. This issue belongs to the fifth and final reform of 14 AD, which attempted to stabilize a small-denomination bronze coinage after earlier reforms had catastrophically failed to circulate.

The absence of an inner rim is the diagnostic feature separating Hartill 9.47 from closely related types — a subtle casting distinction that matters considerably for attribution.