1 Cash Taiping Tianguo / Shengbao, horizontal

The Taiping Heavenly Kingdom was not a dynasty minting ceremonial coinage — it was a millenarian Christian insurgency that held Nanjing for over a decade and killed an estimated 20 to 30 million people in the bloodiest civil war in human history. These cash coins were functional military and administrative currency issued from captured southern mints, part of a deliberate effort by Hong Xiuquan's government to establish parallel institutions against the Qing. The horizontal orientation of the reverse inscription is the distinguishing feature of Hartill 23.14 within the Shengbao series.