1 Cash - Guangxu Tongbao, Boo-dung

The Guangxu reign (1875–1908) coincided with relentless pressure on the Qing cash system from imported machine-struck copper coinage, which circulated at fractions of the cost to produce traditional cast pieces. Board of Revenue output from this period was chronically inconsistent — the Beijing furnaces were frequently undermanned and underfunded as treasury priorities shifted toward indemnity payments following the Sino-Japanese War and later the Boxer Protocol obligations. The "Boo-dung" mint mark indicates Shandong province attribution, though attributing individual cast cash to specific provincial furnaces in this reign remains genuinely contested among specialists.