1 Bazaruco - Filipe I Goa mint

The bazaruco was the workhorse denomination of Portuguese India's local economy, too low in value to interest merchants trading in xerafins or pardaos but essential for daily market transactions in Goa's bazaars. Filipe I — Felipe II of Spain — came to the Portuguese throne in 1580 following the extinction of the Aviz dynasty after King Sebastião's catastrophic defeat at the Battle of Alcácer Quibir, which left Portugal without an heir and financially ruined. The Iberian Union brought Portuguese India nominally under Habsburg administration, though the Goa mint operated with considerable autonomy throughout.

Copper bazaruco production under Filipe I was notoriously inconsistent, with surviving examples showing significant variation in flan preparation.