1 Asper - Dawlat Berdi

Caffa — modern Feodosia on the Crimean coast — operated as a Genoese colonial trading hub deep within the orbit of the Golden Horde, and its coinage reflects that awkward dual allegiance. Dawlat Berdi was a khan of the western Golden Horde whose authority over the region was contested and short-lived, making the window for his name to appear on Caffan civic silver extremely narrow.

Retowski's classification of this type remained the authoritative reference for Crimean colonial issues for over a century after its 1889 publication.