1 Albus - Hermann IV of Hessen 'der Friedsame'

Hermann IV ruled Cologne from 1480 until his forced resignation in 1508 — a tenure marked less by ecclesiastical distinction than by persistent financial strain and friction with the city of Cologne itself. The albus was the workhorse denomination of Rhenish trade coinage, and issues of this type circulated heavily across the Rhine corridor, which does no favors to surviving examples. The epithet "der Friedsame" (the Peaceable) was something of a misnomer; his episcopate ended under considerable political pressure from cathedral chapter factions.