The Qarakhanids were a fragmented dynasty by 1210, their territory long divided between Eastern and Western branches and increasingly subject to Qara Khitai overlordship. Uzkand — modern Uzgen in Kyrgyzstan — served as one of the Eastern Qarakhanids' primary urban centers, and copper fulus from this mint in the late period are notably inconsistent in fabric, reflecting disrupted production rather than any single administrative reform.
A#3419 covers a broad range of late Qarakhanid copper, and attribution within it often hinges on the mint name and ruler titulature rather than type alone.
The Qarakhanids were a fragmented dynasty by 1210, their territory long divided between Eastern and Western branches and increasingly subject to Qara Khitai overlordship. Uzkand — modern Uzgen in Kyrgyzstan — served as one of the Eastern Qarakhanids' primary urban centers, and copper fulus from this mint in the late period are notably inconsistent in fabric, reflecting disrupted production rather than any single administrative reform.
A#3419 covers a broad range of late Qarakhanid copper, and attribution within it often hinges on the mint name and ruler titulature rather than type alone.