1/8 Stiver 'Muter' - Charles of Egmond

Charles of Egmond spent virtually his entire reign fighting the Habsburgs for control of Guelders, and small billon fractions like this muter were the everyday coinage keeping local commerce moving through decades of near-continuous warfare. The duchy's mint output during this period was erratic — production spiked around military campaigns when soldiers needed pay and local economies needed liquidity, then contracted sharply during truces.

The 46-year span of this type reflects Charles's stubborn longevity as the last independent Duke of Guelders. He died in 1538 without an heir, and the duchy passed to the Habsburgs within two years.