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1/4 Hyperpyron - Manuel II Constantinopolis
| Uitgever | Byzantine Empire |
|---|---|
| Jaar | 1403-1425 |
| Type | Log in om details te zien |
| Waarde | Log in om details te zien |
| Valuta | Log in om details te zien |
| Samenstelling | Log in om details te zien |
| Gewicht | 3.70 g |
| Diameter | Log in om details te zien |
| Dikte | Log in om details te zien |
| Vorm | Log in om details te zien |
| Techniek | Log in om details te zien |
| Oriëntatie | Log in om details te zien |
| Graveur(s) | Log in om details te zien |
| In omloop tot | Log in om details te zien |
| Referentie(s) | Log in om details te zien |
| Beschrijving voorzijde | Facing nimbed bust of Christ Pantokrator set within a mandorla or oval nimbus, depicted in the Byzantine hieratic tradition with draped robes and right hand raised in benediction. The nimbate head is surrounded by a cross-nimbus, with the characteristic IC XC Christogram abbreviation flanking the effigy in the field. The entire central design is enclosed within a beaded or rope-bordered inner circle, itself surrounded by an elaborate foliate or scalloped outer border typical of late Palaiologan coinage. The relief is relatively low, consistent with hammered silver fabric of the period. |
|---|---|
| Schrift voorzijde | Log in om details te zien |
| Opschrift voorzijde | IC XC (Translation: Jesus Christ) |
| Beschrijving keerzijde | Log in om details te zien |
| Schrift keerzijde | Log in om details te zien |
| Opschrift keerzijde | Log in om details te zien |
| Rand | Log in om details te zien |
| Muntplaats | Log in om details te zien |
| Oplage | Log in om details te zien |
| Aanvullende informatie |
Manuel II's reign coincided with the Ottoman stranglehold following the Battle of Nicopolis (1396), which left Constantinople effectively encircled. The fractional hyperpyron in silver reflects the Byzantine economy in near-terminal decline — the gold hyperpyron itself had been debased into near irrelevance, and these small silver fractions were among the last coherent coinages the empire managed to produce before the monetary system collapsed entirely under John VIII.
Manuel spent three years traveling Western Europe personally soliciting military aid that never came. The coins struck on his return to a besieged capital circulated in an economy running on Ottoman sufferance.