1/4 Falus - Mahmud Shah II

Mahmud Shah II ruled the Malwa Sultanate during its terminal decline, caught between the expansionist Rajput confederacy under Rana Sanga and the encroaching Sultanate of Gujarat. His reign ended when Medini Rai's factional politics destabilized the court beyond recovery, and Gujarat's Bahadur Shah finally extinguished Malwa as an independent polity in 1531. Small copper fractionals like this quarter falus were the workhorses of local bazaar transactions — the denomination too humble to hoard, which is precisely why survivors in any condition are harder to locate than the larger copper issues of the same reign.