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1/4 Falus - Mahmud Shah II
| Issuer | Malwa Sultanate |
|---|---|
| Year | 1510-1531 |
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| Composition | Log in to see details |
| Weight | 1.96 g |
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| Obverse description | Arabic legend within the square flan reading 'Mahmud Shah al-Khalji bin Nasir Shah', identifying the sultan by name and patronymic in two or three lines across the field. The script is struck in raised relief on a flat, undecorated field with no border decoration, typical of the hammered copper coinage of the Malwa Sultanate. The irregular edges of the flan reflect the hand-cut nature of the planchet preparation. |
|---|---|
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| Reverse lettering | السلطان بن السلطان |
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| Additional information |
Mahmud Shah II ruled the Malwa Sultanate during its terminal decline, caught between the expansionist Rajput confederacy under Rana Sanga and the encroaching Sultanate of Gujarat. His reign ended when Medini Rai's factional politics destabilized the court beyond recovery, and Gujarat's Bahadur Shah finally extinguished Malwa as an independent polity in 1531. Small copper fractionals like this quarter falus were the workhorses of local bazaar transactions — the denomination too humble to hoard, which is precisely why survivors in any condition are harder to locate than the larger copper issues of the same reign.