1/2 Tornês Escudo - Fernando I Miranda do Douro mint

Fernando I issued this half tornês during a period of acute monetary instability driven by the costs of his three wars with Castile, which began almost immediately after his accession in 1367. The Miranda do Douro mint, situated on the northeastern frontier deep in Trás-os-Montes, was one of several regional mints activated or reactivated under Fernando to meet demand — a policy that produced considerable die and weight inconsistency across the series. Miranda's output is scarcer than Lisbon's, reflecting both the town's limited infrastructure and its exposure to Castilian military pressure during the conflicts.