1/2 Stiver - Groningen

Groningen in the 1480s was navigating an exceptionally precarious political position — nominally under the Bishop of Utrecht, increasingly pressured by the Habsburgs, and functionally self-governing through its powerful civic council. The city's right to strike its own coinage was one of several privileges it defended aggressively during this period, and issues like this half stiver are direct products of that municipal autonomy before the city eventually submitted to Burgundian-Habsburg authority in 1536.

The Levinson reference places this squarely within a documented series, though surviving examples from this specific fraction are considerably scarcer than the full stiver issues of the same period.