1/2 Scudo - Alfonso II Late bust

Historical Context: This 1/2 Scudo, struck in silver during 1596-1597, represents the final coinage of Alfonso II d'Este, the last Duke of Ferrara. These years immediately precede his death in October 1597 without legitimate heirs, leading to the devolution of Ferrara to the Papal States. Thus, this coin is a poignant numismatic testament to the waning sovereignty of the Este dynasty in Ferrara, minted during a period of intense political uncertainty and the imminent end of ducal independence. It signifies a final assertion of ducal authority amidst a looming papal re-annexation.

Artistry: The "Late bust" style is characteristic of the mature portraiture prevalent in late Renaissance Italian coinage. While specific engraver signatures are rare for this period and denomination, the work is widely attributed to **Girolamo Faccini**, the master mint engraver for Alfonso II d'Este. Faccini's style is marked by a realistic depiction of the ruler, emphasizing individual features and elaborate drapery, reflecting the transition towards early Baroque aesthetics in medal and coin design within the Este court.

Technical/Grading: For optimal grading, attention should be paid to the high-points of the "Late bust" of Alfonso II. Key areas include the intricate details of the duke's hair and beard, the definition of the eyes, nose, and mouth, and the folds within the drapery or armor. On the reverse, the sharpness of the ducal crest, crown, or any allegorical figures is crucial. Legibility of the legends on both obverse and reverse, particularly around the rims, is also a significant factor in determining the coin's overall state of preservation.