1/2 Kurus - Mustafa II Kostantiniyye mint

Mustafa II came to the throne in 1695 determined to reverse Ottoman military decline personally — he was the first sultan in decades to lead campaigns in the field himself. That same year saw the catastrophic loss of Azov to Peter the Great, a defeat that reoriented Ottoman defensive priorities for a generation. Coins struck at Kostantiniyye in his accession year mark the opening of a reign defined by that tension between reformist ambition and strategic retreat.