1/2 Giulio - Francis Maria II della Rovere

Francis Maria II was the last Duke of Urbino, a ruler who spent much of his reign navigating the competing pressures of the Papacy and the declining fortunes of his dynasty. He abdicated in 1621 in favor of Pope Gregory XV after negotiating terms that would spare his subjects a contested succession — the duchy reverted to direct papal control upon his son's death in 1623, effectively extinguishing the della Rovere line as a ruling house. Coinage from this reign spans a politically turbulent fifty years, and attribution to specific sub-periods within it remains difficult without die study.

The CNI XIII references for this type cluster around dies showing progressive deterioration, consistent with a small mint operating under reduced resources in the final ducal decades.