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½ Giulio - Francesco d'Este CHARITAS
| Issuer | Marquisate of Massa Lombarda (Italian States) |
|---|---|
| Year | 1550-1578 |
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| Composition | Log in to see details |
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| Diameter | Log in to see details |
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| Shape | Round (irregular) |
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| Obverse description | Log in to see details |
|---|---|
| Obverse script | Log in to see details |
| Obverse lettering | FRANCISCVS • ESTENSIS |
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| Mintage | ND (1550-1578) |
| Additional information |
Francesco d'Este ruled Massa Lombarda as a minor lord operating in the long shadow of the Este dukes of Ferrara, to whom he was a cadet branch relation. His coinage rights were technically legitimate but perpetually contested — small lordships of the Po plain routinely faced pressure from larger neighbors and papal administrators who questioned their mint privileges. The CHARITAS type sits within a broader Este tradition of virtue-inscribed coinage, a practice with roots in Borso d'Este's elaborate propagandistic issues of the previous century.
At 1.8 g, the flan was notoriously thin and prone to splitting during striking.