1/2 Falus - Mahmud Shah II

The Malwa Sultanate operated one of the more administratively fragmented minting systems in late medieval India, with copper coinage often struck at regional centers with inconsistent weight standards. Mahmud Shah II ruled during a period of accelerating Malwa decline — the sultanate was extinguished by the Mughal emperor Humayun and the Gujarati sultan Bahadur Shah in 1531, ending a dynasty that had governed independently since the early 15th century.

The half-falus denomination served petty commercial transactions, and copper issues of this type typically circulated hard in local bazaars, which explains the surface porosity and edge irregularities common to survivors.