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1/2 Ducat - Joanna and Charles I C inverted

Issuer Catalonia, Principality of
Year 1516-1555
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Composition Gold (.990)
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Obverse lettering I·C +IOANNA ET CAROLVS R
(Translation: Joanna and Charles kings)
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Reverse script Latin
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Additional information

Joanna ("la Loca") held nominal sovereignty throughout this period while her son Charles governed as co-ruler — a constitutional fiction the Crown of Aragon's constituent territories, including Catalonia, accepted only grudgingly. Catalan mints retained considerable autonomy, and small divergences in die preparation were common enough that the inverted C punch on this type likely reflects workshop practice rather than a deliberate variety. Cal#65 distinguishes it precisely on that basis.

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