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1/2 Dirham 'Al-mulk type'- anonymous Bulghar mint
| Issuer | Golden Horde |
|---|---|
| Year | 1280-1310 |
| Type | Log in to see details |
| Value | Log in to see details |
| Currency | Dinar (1227-1502) |
| Composition | Log in to see details |
| Weight | Log in to see details |
| Diameter | Log in to see details |
| Thickness | Log in to see details |
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| Technique | Log in to see details |
| Orientation | Log in to see details |
| Engraver(s) | Log in to see details |
| In circulation to | Log in to see details |
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| Obverse description | Log in to see details |
|---|---|
| Obverse script | Log in to see details |
| Obverse lettering | Log in to see details |
| Reverse description | Central field displays the Arabic word 'al-mulk' (الملك, meaning 'sovereignty' or 'the kingdom') enclosed within a plain oval cartouche, rendered in a bold, angular script characteristic of Golden Horde Bulghar mint production. Flanking foliate or vegetal ornamental elements appear at the upper portion of the cartouche, consistent with the decorative conventions of this anonymous type. The surrounding field is plain, and the flan edge is irregular and slightly ragged, reflecting the hand-hammered production technique. No mint name or ruler's name appears, placing this firmly within the anonymous 'Al-mulk' series attributed to the Bulghar mint. |
| Reverse script | Log in to see details |
| Reverse lettering | الملك |
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| Mint | Log in to see details |
| Mintage | Log in to see details |
| Additional information |
The anonymous "al-mulk" fractional issues of the Golden Horde present a persistent attribution problem — no ruler's name appears, making precise dating within this thirty-year window largely a matter of die style and hoard association rather than documentary evidence. The Bulghar mint on the Volga was among the earliest and most productive in the Horde's monetary system, predating the later explosion of output from Sarai and New Sarai.
At 0.63g, these halves circulated in a regional economy still integrating steppe pastoral networks with the Volga trade corridor connecting the Baltic fur trade to the Islamic south.