0 Euro - Napoleon Bonaparte - French occupation of the Netherlands 1810-1813

Eurosouvenirs notes are legal tender in the strict technical sense — issued under a European Central Bank framework that permits national issuers to produce commemorative zero-denomination notes with genuine euro security features — but no central bank backs them and they exchange for nothing. Oberthur Fiduciaire prints them to the same specification as circulating currency, which is either reassuring or absurd depending on your perspective.

The subject here is the 1810–1813 annexation, when Napoleon dissolved the Kingdom of Holland and folded it directly into the French Empire, making Amsterdam briefly a city of the French Republic in the most literal administrative sense. The Dutch resented it thoroughly, not least because French customs enforcement strangled their trade.