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Pul Zafar countermark
| Issuer | Golden Horde |
|---|---|
| Year | 1370-1380 |
| Type | Log in to see details |
| Value | 1 Pul (1⁄16) |
| Currency | Log in to see details |
| Composition | Log in to see details |
| Weight | Log in to see details |
| Diameter | Log in to see details |
| Thickness | Log in to see details |
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| Obverse description | Applied countermark in Arabic script reading 'ظفر' (Zafar, meaning 'Victory'), struck within a rectangular incuse punch dominating the coin's field. The bold Arabic lettering is deeply impressed into the host coin's surface, with the characters clearly legible despite the irregular, worn flan. The countermark was applied during the later Golden Horde period as a revalidation mark, attesting to the coin's continued monetary authority. Patination is dark green-brown consistent with a copper alloy of considerable age. |
|---|---|
| Obverse script | Arabic |
| Obverse lettering | Log in to see details |
| Reverse description | Log in to see details |
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| Additional information |
Countermarked coinage of the Golden Horde from this decade reflects the political fragmentation following the death of Berdibek in 1359, which triggered two decades of succession chaos — the so-called "Great Troubles" during which the khanate cycled through more than twenty rulers. Local administrators and regional governors applied countermarks like this one to validate or reauthorize coins whose issuing authority had become politically inconvenient or simply defunct. The host coin beneath the stamp matters as much as the mark itself.