Pul 'Swastika type' Gulistan mint

By 1366, the Golden Horde was fracturing badly. The preceding decade had seen a succession of khans deposed and killed in rapid cycles — a period Russian chronicles called the "Great Troubles" — and Gulistan, one of the principal mints of the lower Volga, changed administrative hands repeatedly. Coins attributable to this mint in the 1360s reflect that instability: short emission runs, inconsistent fabric, and types that don't always align cleanly with a single issuing authority.

The swastika motif on this copper pul draws from a much older Central Asian decorative vocabulary, not any single political program. Pyrtsov's attribution in the reference corpus remains the working standard, though die studies on Gulistan coppers of this decade are still unresolved in several cases.