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Pul 'Hexagram with a circle inside type' temp. Muhammad Uzbeg Qrim mint
| Issuer | Golden Horde |
|---|---|
| Year | 1313-1341 |
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| Composition | Log in to see details |
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| Shape | Round (irregular) |
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| Obverse description | Central field occupied by a six-pointed star (hexagram) formed by two interlaced triangles, with a small circle inscribed at its centre. The design is boldly struck in low relief against a plain, unadorned field. The flan is irregular in shape, characteristic of the hammered copper coinage of the Golden Horde. No legend or border ornament is present on this side. |
|---|---|
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| Reverse description | Central field bearing the dynastic tamgha of the Golden Horde, a stylised trident-like tribal emblem rendered in bold relief, serving as the principal identifying device of the issuing authority. The mint name is indicated in Arabic script, attributing the piece to the Qrim (Crimea) mint. The flan is irregular and the surfaces show the characteristic roughness of hammered copper production. |
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| Additional information |
Muhammad Uzbeg Khan's reign over the Golden Horde was the longest and most prosperous of any khan, and the copper pul coinage from his Crimean mint reflects the commercial intensity of that period. Qrim — modern Staryi Krym — functioned as the primary trading hub connecting Genoese Black Sea merchants with the interior steppe economy, generating enough small-transaction volume to justify a sustained local copper issue.
The hexagram-with-circle type catalogued by Lebedev as m35 is one of several geometric anonymous pul varieties from this reign, distinguished in the Zeno corpus by die alignment and flan characteristics rather than any explicit mint identification on the coin itself.