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Pul 'Bird to the left' temp. Toqta Qrim mint
| Issuer | Golden Horde |
|---|---|
| Year | 1291 |
| Type | Standard circulation coin |
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| Obverse description | Central field occupied by a bird depicted in left profile with wings spread wide, rendered in a schematic, low-relief style characteristic of Golden Horde copper coinage. A three-leaf plant motif appears in the upper field above the bird. The design is boldly struck but shows the irregular flan typical of hammered Jochid puls, with no surrounding legend or border. |
|---|---|
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| Reverse description | Central field bears a tamgha, the dynastic symbol of the ruling Jochid house, rendered in low relief. The mint name Qrim (Crimea) is indicated, with the abbreviated AH date '69 (corresponding to 690 AH / 1291 CE) positioned in the lower field below the tamgha. The design is unbordered and characteristic of the plain, symbolic reverse type used on Golden Horde base-metal fractions. |
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| Additional information |
Toqta's accession to the Golden Horde throne in 1291 came after a brutal civil war against Nogai, the powerful beg who had effectively controlled the western steppe for decades. Copper puls from Qrim during this transitional moment are understudied relative to the silver coinage, but they circulated as the working currency of the Crimean trading ports — cities already deep into the commercial networks linking Genoa to the Mongol interior.
The Lebedev classification for this bird type remains provisional; die linkage studies have not yet resolved whether the Qrim mint was operating continuously through the succession crisis or resuming after a gap.