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Pul '48 puls in Yarmak' temp. Mangu Timur Qrim mint
| Issuer | Golden Horde |
|---|---|
| Year | 1267-1283 |
| Type | Log in to see details |
| Value | 1 Pul (1⁄16) |
| Currency | Log in to see details |
| Composition | Log in to see details |
| Weight | Log in to see details |
| Diameter | Log in to see details |
| Thickness | Log in to see details |
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| Obverse description | Central field bears a multi-line Arabic legend in Kufic-influenced script, stating the denominational value of 48 puls to one yarmak. The inscription is boldly struck in relief against a flat, undecorated field, with the legend occupying the majority of the flan. A partial dotted border is visible along the lower rim. The flan is irregular and slightly ragged at the edges, consistent with hand-struck hammered copper coinage of the Golden Horde period. |
|---|---|
| Obverse script | Log in to see details |
| Obverse lettering | (Translation: 48 - one Yarmak) |
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| Additional information |
Mangu Timur's reign saw the Golden Horde at its administrative peak — the khan who first struck coins in his own name without Mongol overlord pretense, asserting independent monetary authority from Sarai. The Crimean mint at Qrim was among the most active in the western steppe, feeding copper into a regional economy that ran on small-denomination exchange the silver yarmak couldn't serve.
The "48 puls" denomination notation is a direct conversion ratio stamped into the type itself, pegging copper to silver at the point of issue — an unusually explicit monetary relationship for 13th-century steppe coinage.