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Pfennig - Bernard II Carniola and borderland coinage
| Issuer | Duchy of Carinthia (Austrian States) |
|---|---|
| Year | 1200-1240 |
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| Composition | Log in to see details |
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| Orientation | Variable alignment ↺ |
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| Obverse description | Log in to see details |
|---|---|
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| Reverse description | A bust portrait set beneath a rounded arch, the spandrels of which are decorated with two stylized lilies on either side and a cross at the apex. The bust is rendered in low relief in a simplified Romanesque style. The architectural framing device, composed of the arch and flanking floral ornaments, is typical of Carinthian and Carniolan ecclesiastical-influenced coin design of the early 13th century. The reverse surface shows natural wear and flan irregularities consistent with hand-hammered production. |
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| Edge | Plain |
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| Additional information |
Bernard II, Duke of Carinthia from 1202 to 1256, struck these bracteate-style pfennigs during a period when Carinthian coinage was heavily influenced by neighboring Friesach, whose mint had become the dominant monetary force in the central Alpine trade network since the late twelfth century. The so-called Friesacher Pfennig type circulated across a vast swath of territory from the Adriatic hinterlands into Hungary, and Bernard's issues were part of that broader regional currency bloc rather than an independent monetary assertion.
The Carniola attribution reflects the administrative overlap between Carinthia proper and the March of Carniola, both under ducal control during this period.