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Pfennig - Agnes of Merania Stein in Oberkrain
| Issuer | March of Istria-Carniola (Austrian States) |
|---|---|
| Year | 1243-1248 |
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| Composition | Log in to see details |
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| Diameter | 20 mm |
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| Obverse description | Log in to see details |
|---|---|
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| Obverse lettering | +NΛCE - [H]CTD |
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| Edge | Plain |
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| Additional information |
Agnes of Merania ruled Carniola as regent following the death of her husband, Duke Bernhard of Spanheim, in 1256 — but that date falls outside this coin's attribution window, and the precise political circumstances of her authority during 1243–1248 remain contested among scholars of the march. What is certain is that female-issued coinage in 13th-century Carniola is exceptional; the region's minting was fragmented among secular and ecclesiastical lords, and identifying the issuing authority behind individual bracteate-style pfennigs often depends on a single hoard find or a solitary archival reference.