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Penny - Civil War North-East and Scottish Border Variants
| Issuer | England |
|---|---|
| Year | 1138-1153 |
| Type | Log in to see details |
| Value | Log in to see details |
| Currency | Penny (924-1158) |
| Composition | Log in to see details |
| Weight | Log in to see details |
| Diameter | Log in to see details |
| Thickness | Log in to see details |
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| Technique | Log in to see details |
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| Engraver(s) | Log in to see details |
| In circulation to | Log in to see details |
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| Obverse description | Log in to see details |
|---|---|
| Obverse script | Log in to see details |
| Obverse lettering | Log in to see details |
| Reverse description | Central cross moline with a fleur-de-lis (lis) in each of the four angles formed by the arms of the cross, all contained within a beaded inner circle. The design follows the standard type associated with Stephen's coinage as struck at northern English and Scottish border mints during the Anarchy, though execution is notably crude and the flan irregular, consistent with provincial hammered production of the period. |
| Reverse script | Latin |
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| Edge | Log in to see details |
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| Additional information |
These pennies belong to the "Anarchy," the civil war fought between King Stephen and Empress Matilda following Henry I's death in 1135. Central royal authority effectively collapsed, and regional barons, bishops, and local strongmen began striking coin on their own initiative or in the name of whichever claimant they backed at the time. The result is one of the most chaotic and numismatically complex periods in English medieval coinage.
The North-East and Scottish Border variants reflect the particular instability of that region, where King David I of Scotland invaded and held territory as far south as Yorkshire. Some issues from this zone are attributed to mints operating under direct Scottish occupation.