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Jital - 'Ala al-din Muhammad 'Muhammad II of Khwarezm' Bull type - Kurraman mint
| Issuer | Khwarezmian Empire |
|---|---|
| Year | 1200-1220 |
| Type | Standard circulation coin |
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| Obverse description | Stylized humped bull (zebu) depicted in profile facing right, rendered in a schematic, abstract manner characteristic of post-Gandharan coinage traditions. The animal's hump, body, and legs are indicated by bold, deeply struck lines within a beaded border encircling the coin's field. The design shows the influence of earlier Hindu-Shahi bull types adapted into the Khwarezmian coinage repertoire. |
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| Reverse script | Arabic |
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| Additional information |
Muhammad II spent much of his reign in aggressive territorial expansion — absorbing the Qara Khitai, pushing into Persia, and briefly styling himself a second Alexander — before the Mongol invasion of 1219 reduced his empire to rubble within three years. Kurraman, a mint active in the eastern reaches of the empire, issued billon jitals that circulated across the Indo-Iranian frontier where silver was scarce and fractional coinage did heavy commercial work.
Tye 293 is one of several bull-type jital varieties associated with this reign, a type with roots in pre-Islamic Gandharan coinage traditions that persisted stubbornly through successive rulers because local markets recognized and trusted them.