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Grave - Fernando I Miranda do Douro mint
| Issuer | Kingdom of Portugal |
|---|---|
| Year | 1370-1371 |
| Type | Standard circulation coin |
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| Obverse description | Central field displays a large Gothic letter 'F' (for Fernandus) surmounted by a royal crown, enclosed within a beaded inner circle. A small Portuguese quinas shield appears to the left of the letter. The entire design is enclosed by a beaded border with a circular Latin legend in uncial script reading SI:DNS:MI:/CHI:AIVTOR/NO M, invoking divine protection. The style is characteristic of late 14th-century Iberian hammered billon coinage. |
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| Reverse script | Latin (uncial) |
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| Additional information |
Fernando I struck this issue at the Miranda do Douro mint during the first of his three wars against Castile, a period of acute financial strain that pushed the crown toward repeated debasement of its billon coinage. Miranda do Douro, a border fortress town on the Duero River, operated as a mint precisely because of its strategic position — keeping coin production close to the frontier reduced the logistical exposure of moving bullion through contested territory.
The Grave series under Fernando is catalogued across multiple mints, and Miranda do Douro examples are among the scarcer provincial issues in the type.