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Dupondius - Trajan S P Q R OPTIMO PRINCIPI S C, Jupiter and Victory
| Issuer | Roman Empire (27 BC - 395 AD) |
|---|---|
| Year | 103-111 |
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| Technique | Hammered |
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| Obverse lettering | IMP CAES NERVAE TRAIANO AVG GER DAC P M TR P COS V P P (Translation: Imperator, Caesar, Nervae Traiano Augustus, Germanicus, Dacicus, Pontifex Maximus, Tribunicia Potestate, Consul Quintum, Pater Patriae. Supreme commander (Imperator), Caesar, of Nerva Trajan, emperor (Augustus), conqueror of the Germans, conqueror of the Dacians, high priest, holder of tribunician power, consul for the fifth time, father of the nation.) |
| Reverse description | A hexastyle temple depicted in three-quarter perspective, identified as the Temple of Jupiter Optimus Maximus on the Capitoline Hill in Rome, shown with a columned portico, decorated pediment, and a stepped podium. Figures are discernible within the intercolumniation, consistent with the iconographic type associating this issue with Jupiter and Victory. The reverse legend S P Q R OPTIMO PRINCIPI is disposed around the upper field, with the senatorial authority mark S C positioned in the lower exergual area. The overall composition is characteristic of the monumental architectural reverses favoured at the Rome Mint under Trajan. |
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| Additional information |
The legend OPTIMO PRINCIPI — "to the best ruler" — was not a standard honorific recycled from earlier reigns. The Senate formally voted Trajan this title in 114 AD, though it appears on coinage somewhat earlier, reflecting a gradual institutional acknowledgment of his Dacian victories and administrative competence. No emperor before him received it; after Trajan, successors used it sparingly and with considerably less conviction from the senatorial body that coined it.