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Denier - Theoderic VII
| Issuer | Holland, County of |
|---|---|
| Year | 1190-1203 |
| Type | Log in to see details |
| Value | 1 Denier (Penning) (1/8) |
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| Composition | Log in to see details |
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| Diameter | Log in to see details |
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| Obverse description | Log in to see details |
|---|---|
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| Reverse description | A bold cross pattée occupies the central field, its splayed arms extending nearly to the inner beaded circle that encloses the design. The letters P, A, X, and an ornamental stop are positioned one in each of the four quarters formed by the cross arms, spelling the devotional word PAX (Peace). An outer legend encircles the whole, separated from the inner beaded border by a narrow field. The overall composition follows the standard Carolingian-derived cross-and-legend format common to feudal deniers of the Low Countries in this era. |
| Reverse script | Latin |
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| Additional information |
Theoderic VII ruled Holland during a period of persistent conflict with the bishops of Utrecht over territorial control of the Rhine delta — a rivalry that shaped the county's political geography for generations. His coinage issued from Dordrecht, which was emerging as the county's primary commercial center, and the deniers of his reign reflect the broader debasement trend afflicting Low Countries silver at the turn of the thirteenth century. The half-gram weight places this piece at the lighter end of his known emissions.