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Denier Parisis - Louis XI 2nd issue, PARISIVS CIVIS FRAnm
| Issuer | France |
|---|---|
| Year | 1476 |
| Type | Standard circulation coin |
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| Obverse description | Central field occupied by three horizontal lines enclosing the monogram or abbreviation of the royal name in Gothic uncial lettering, all within a plain inner circle. A fleur-de-lis surmounted by a small royal crown appears at the top of the inner circle, flanked by two trefoils or lis ornaments. The surrounding circular legend in uncial Latin reads + LVDOVICVS FRA REX FRAn, identifying Louis XI as king of the Franks. The coin is struck on an irregular flan typical of late medieval hammered billon coinage. |
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| Mintage | ND (1476) - Paris: dot 18th - ND (1476) - Two dots superimposed at the end of the reverse - |
| Additional information |
Louis XI issued this denier amid his systematic dismantling of the great feudal mints — by 1476 he had suppressed or absorbed most of the competing baronial coinages that had fragmented French monetary output for generations. The PARISIVS CIVIS legend variant, distinguishing this second issue from its predecessor, reflects administrative reclassification rather than any change in monetary policy; the billon content was already marginal and had been so for decades.
Paris production of petty coinage under Louis XI is notoriously difficult to sequence, with Duplessy's 561A designation separating this type from closely related issues primarily on legend orthography.