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Denier - Louis I Christian legend, crosses
| Issuer | Unified Carolingian Empire |
|---|---|
| Year | 823 |
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| Composition | Silver |
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| Obverse description | A plain cross with pattée-style terminals occupies the center of the field, enclosed within a beaded inner circle. The circular Latin legend HLVDOVVICVS IMP, reading 'Emperor Louis,' runs between the beaded circle and the outer border, introduced by a cross pattée serving as an initial mark. The flan is irregular in shape, consistent with hand-struck Carolingian coinage, and the relief is bold with broad, well-spaced lettering typical of the reform deniers of Louis the Pious. |
|---|---|
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| Obverse lettering | ✠ HLVDOVVICVS IMP (Translation: Emperor Louis.) |
| Reverse description | A plain cross with pattée-style terminals is prominently struck at the center of the field, contained within a beaded inner circle. The surrounding circular Latin legend XPISTIANA RELIGIO, meaning 'Christian religion,' encircles the beaded border, introduced by a cross pattée as an initial mark. The use of the Christogram-derived abbreviation XP for 'Christi' is a characteristic feature of the Carolingian reform coinage initiated under Louis the Pious following the Council of Paris in 825. The flan edges are irregular, and the die work is consistent with the bold, well-executed style of the imperial Carolingian mints. |
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