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Cruzado Calvario 'no inner circles' - João III 2nd type, Lisboa mint
| Issuer | Kingdom of Portugal |
|---|---|
| Year | 1538-1557 |
| Type | Standard circulation coin |
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|---|---|
| Obverse script | Latin |
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| Edge | Plain |
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| Additional information |
João III authorized a redesign of the cruzado in 1538 that eliminated the inner circles from both faces — a subtle but deliberate shift that numismatists use to distinguish this second type from its predecessor. The change coincided with a period when Portuguese royal finances were increasingly strained by the costs of maintaining Estado da India, the sprawling maritime empire whose spice revenues had begun declining under pressure from Ottoman competition in the eastern Mediterranean.
Six Gomes reference numbers cover this single type, reflecting die variation across nearly two decades of continuous production at Lisboa.