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Ceitil - João II Group 6 - Long low outside wall with battlements
| Issuer | Portugal |
|---|---|
| Year | 1481-1495 |
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| Composition | Log in to see details |
| Weight | 1.7 g |
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| Obverse description | A crenellated castle with towers rises above a stylized representation of waves, rendered in the characteristic crude hammered style of the period. The castle features a long, low outer curtain wall with battlements, a defining characteristic of this Group 6 type. A circular legend in Latin surrounds the central design, separated from the field by an inner beaded border. The coin exhibits significant surface patination consistent with its copper alloy composition and age, with numerous die varieties known affecting the lettering disposition. |
|---|---|
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| Obverse lettering | + IOHAnES : SECUNDVS : REGIS : (Translation: King John, the second) |
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| Additional information |
João II's ceitis inherited a denomination that had existed since at least the reign of Afonso V, functioning as the lowest-value coin in circulation and the primary means by which ordinary Portuguese transactions were conducted. The castle design variants used to distinguish these issues — of which this Group 6 is one, characterized by its long low outer wall with battlements — were not decorative choices but practical die management, allowing mints and later collectors to sequence production chronologically within a reign.
João II ruled during the critical opening decades of Portuguese oceanic expansion; ceitis of his reign circulated alongside the first systematic returns from West African trade routes.