1 Uncia Series I: blank

Vetulonia, one of the twelve cities of the Etruscan League, struck this bronze series at a moment when Rome's monetary system was in open crisis — the catastrophic defeat at Lake Trasimene in 217 BC had shattered confidence in the Roman treasury and forced emergency renegotiation of tributary and allied coinage arrangements across central Italy. Whether Vetulonia struck on its own initiative or under some degree of Roman pressure remains debated, but the timing is not coincidental.