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1 Paisa - Fakhr al-Din Mubarak Shah
| Issuer | Sultanate of Madurai (Indian Sultanates) |
|---|---|
| Year | 1358-1368 |
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| Composition | Log in to see details |
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| Diameter | Log in to see details |
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| Shape | Round (irregular) |
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| Obverse description | Crudely hammered copper flan bearing a multi-line Arabic legend in Naskh script, arranged across the field and divided by a central horizontal line into two registers. The bold raised lettering, characteristic of South Indian sultanate coinage, fills the entire die area. The inscription references the ruler's titles and name. The irregular flan edges and uneven strike are typical of hammered coinage from the Madurai Sultanate workshop. |
|---|---|
| Obverse script | Log in to see details |
| Obverse lettering | فخر الدين مبارك شاه |
| Reverse description | Reverse die shows a heavily worn and corroded Arabic legend in Naskh script, largely obscured by surface degradation and die wear. The lettering, rendered across the field in multiple lines, likely carries the mint name, regnal formula, or religious invocation standard to Madurai Sultanate copper issues. The flat, irregular strike and rough flan surface are consistent with the hand-hammered production technique of the period. |
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