Catalog
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| Issuer | Vijayanagara, Empire of |
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| Year | 1509-1529 |
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| Currency | Rupee (1336-1565) |
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| Obverse description | Facing figure of Balakrishna (Krishna as Laddu Gopala) depicted in the infantile seated posture, rendered in high relief at center. The deity is surrounded by a dense arrangement of large globules arranged in concentric rings that fill the field, evoking a floral or lotus-petal pattern characteristic of Vijayanagara pagoda coinage. The figure's crown is visible above the head, and additional ornamental pellets frame the entire design within the irregular flan. The overall style reflects the bold, stylized iconographic convention of South Indian hammered gold coinage of the early sixteenth century. |
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| Reverse script | Kannada/Telugu |
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| Additional information |
Krishna Deva Raya's reign marked the political and military apex of the Vijayanagara Empire, with campaigns that extended control deep into the Deccan and pushed the Gajapati kingdom of Odisha into a series of humiliating defeats. The Nayaks of Chitradurga functioned as subordinate military governors under this arrangement, their coinage rights a direct expression of delegated imperial authority rather than independent sovereignty.
The pagoda denomination circulated widely enough to appear in Portuguese commercial records from Goa during this precise period, where merchants quoted it as a reliable unit in pepper and textile transactions along the Malabar coast.