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1 Kupang - Abdul Jalil Shah III
| Issuer | Sultanate of Johor (Islamic states of Malaysia) |
|---|---|
| Year | 1032-1088 |
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| Composition | Gold |
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| Obverse description | Octagonal hammered gold flan with a bold Arabic legend in Jawi-style script occupying the central field, reading 'Sultan Abd al-Jalil Shah'. The inscription is arranged in two or three lines and is surrounded by a border of pellets following the eight-sided periphery of the coin. The deeply struck characters display the characteristic irregular relief of Southeast Asian hammered coinage, with the legend filling the available field in a compact and stylized manner. |
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| Reverse lettering | خليفة المؤمنين (Translation: Ruler of the Faithful) |
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| Additional information |
Abdul Jalil Shah III ruled Johor through one of the sultanate's most turbulent periods, during which the state was effectively contested between Malay factions and the increasingly aggressive VOC presence in the Straits of Malacca. The kupang — a fractional gold denomination rooted in the Malay world's older trading weight systems — was the workhorse of small-value transactions in a port economy where Portuguese, Dutch, and local currencies circulated simultaneously.
Singh's classification places this type within a tightly defined series, but attribution between sultans sharing the Abdul Jalil name has historically caused cataloging confusion. The long reign span compounds this: dies from across five decades are not always distinguishable without reference to subtle calligraphic variants.