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1 Falus - Shams al-dīn Muẕaffar III
| Issuer | Sultanate of Gujarat (Indian Sultanates) |
|---|---|
| Year | 1569-1571 |
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| Currency | Rupee (1396-1583) |
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|---|---|
| Obverse script | Arabic |
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| Reverse description | Central field displays a two-line Arabic inscription reading 'muẕaffar shāh', identifying the ruling sultan, with the Hijri regnal year '٩٧٨' (978 AH) struck below or adjacent to the main legend. The inscription is rendered in bold, somewhat archaic Naskh script with deeply cut strokes, consistent with hammered copper production at the Ahmadabad mint. The flan edges are irregular and show typical die-shift characteristic of hand-struck base-metal issues of the Gujarat Sultanate. No decorative borders or additional devices are present. |
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| Additional information |
Muzaffar III's reign was a study in political collapse. He was deposed twice — first by Akbar's Mughal forces in 1572, ending over a century and a half of Gujarat's independent sultanate, and briefly restored before a final removal. This falus falls within the last functional years of Gujarati sovereignty, struck just before Akbar absorbed the sultanate into the expanding Mughal empire — one of the most consequential annexations of his reign.