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1 Denaro - In name of Philip of Swabia
| Issuer | Parma, City of |
|---|---|
| Year | 1207-1208 |
| Type | Log in to see details |
| Value | Denaro (1⁄240) |
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| Composition | Log in to see details |
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| Diameter | Log in to see details |
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| Obverse description | Central field bears a stylized three-towered castle or city gate serving as the civic emblem of Parma, flanked by a pellet on each side with two pellets above and a single pellet at the base of the structure. The entire device is enclosed within a beaded or reeded inner circle. The legend PARMA is distributed around the periphery in spaced capital letters, identifying the issuing commune. The execution is characteristic of the crude, informal style typical of northern Italian communal hammered billon coinage of the early thirteenth century. |
|---|---|
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| Obverse lettering | Log in to see details |
| Reverse description | Within a beaded or reeded inner circle, three letters and three pellets are arranged in the central field, forming part of an abbreviated inscription referencing the imperial authority. The peripheral legend reads FILIPVS REX, identifying Philip of Swabia, King of the Romans, as the nominal issuing authority, with individual elements separated by pellet stops. The composition follows the standard formulaic layout of northern Italian communal denari struck in the name of the reigning Hohenstaufen ruler. The lettering is crude and characteristic of hammered billon production of this period. |
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| Reverse lettering | * FILIPVS RE * X * (Translation: King Philip) |
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