1 Cash Uncertain Sogdian mint, Chach or Ferghana

Sogdiana in the first half of the eighth century was being pulled apart. The Arab conquest was advancing from the south and west, the Tang Chinese were projecting power from the east, and local Sogdian rulers — many of whom had already adopted aspects of both cultures — were minting coins that reflect exactly that confusion of allegiances. Attribution between Chach and Ferghana remains unresolved for several types in this period precisely because both regions were issuing broadly similar anonymous bronzes under rapidly shifting political conditions. Smirnova 1365 sits in that contested middle ground.